Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) refers to a combination of physical and emotional symptoms that many women experience in the days leading up to their menstrual period. These symptoms typically occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which is the time between ovulation and the start of menstruation. PMS can vary widely in severity and can significantly impact a woman's quality of life.

Here's an overview of PMS:

• Symptoms:
  
• Physical Symptoms: Common physical symptoms of PMS include bloating, breast tenderness, headaches, muscle aches, fatigue, and changes in appetite or food cravings.
• Emotional Symptoms: Emotional symptoms may include mood swings, irritability, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, and increased stress or tension.
• Causes:
  
• Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone, during the menstrual cycle are believed to contribute to the development of PMS.
• Neurotransmitter Imbalances: Changes in neurotransmitter levels, such as serotonin, may also play a role in the development of mood-related symptoms.
• Lifestyle Factors: Factors such as stress, lack of exercise, poor diet, and inadequate sleep can exacerbate symptoms of PMS.
• Diagnosis:
  
• Diagnosis of PMS is typically based on a woman's reported symptoms and their timing in relation to the menstrual cycle.
• A healthcare provider may ask the patient to keep a symptom diary to track the severity and duration of symptoms over several menstrual cycles.
• Other conditions with similar symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, or thyroid disorders, may need to be ruled out.
• Prognosis:
  
• PMS symptoms typically improve with age and may disappear after menopause when hormone levels stabilize.
• For some women, symptoms may persist and require ongoing management through lifestyle modifications and/or medications.